Diseased animals are usually culled in developed countries, which is not possible in under developed and developing countries like India (Yatoo et al. Mortality causes direct loss by death of the valuable animals. Morbidity causes constraints in livestock management, overburdens with costs of treatment, and imposes restriction on trade or transport.
Economic losses are both by morbidity, mortality and decline or loss of production performance in addition to costs involved in prevention, control and treatment (Yatoo et al. It is estimated that the total yearly cost of CCPP is about US$507 million in endemic areas thus involving major economic losses. In naive and native herds, 100% morbidity and 80% mortality have been noted. The disease is one among the mycoplasmal infections resulting in significant losses in almost 40 countries, and morbidity and mortality can be as high as 100% especially in exotic breeds (DaMassa et al. It results in heavy economic losses to countries involved in goat farming especially in Africa, Asia and the Middle East (Jones and Wood 1988 Wesonga et al.
Our effort in this regard has been to revive the study of the disease dynamics including epidemiology, pathophysiology, current status, and future prospects with emphasis on diagnostics, therapeutics, and prophylactics and future challenges or threats.ĬCPP is considered as one of the most severe and highly infectious disease of goats. ( 2017) suggest the changing trend in need of future strategies with initial reviews focusing on general perspectives of the disease including status of disease, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention and current reviews focusing on novel diagnostic and prophylactic measures against this emerging disease for global prevention and control besides minimizing risk of antimicrobial resistance and eradicating carrier state. ( 1996), Thiaucourt and Bolske ( 1996), Kusiluka ( 2002), Nicholas and Churchward ( 2012), Samiullah ( 2013), AU-IBAR ( 2013), Prats-van der Ham et al. The chronological reviews on CCPP by Rurangirwa et al. Periodically, the disease dynamics are reviewed by researchers and agencies of national and international mandate and repute for keeping vigil on this transboundary emerging threat that endangers naive goat populations in various disease-free countries from the surrounding infected herds of neighboring and mutually cooperative countries. Considering the importance of this disease, worldwide measures are being taken for understanding this disease for better diagnosis, prevention, and control. Re-visiting conventional prophylactic measures focussing on developing novel strain-based or recombinant vaccines using specific antigens (capsular or cellular) should be the most important strategy for controlling the disease worldwide.Ĭontagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP) is a highly contagious and rapidly spreading mycoplasmal disease that affects a vast majority of goat populations. Moreover, the studies on antibiotic sensitivity and exploration of novel antibiotics (fluoroquinolones, macrolides) can help in better therapeutic management besides preventing menace of antibiotic resistance. The latex agglutination test (LAT) is rapid, simple, and better test for field and real-time diagnosis applicable to whole blood or serum and is more sensitive than the CFT and easier than the cELISA. Diagnosis has overcome cumbersome and lengthy conventional tests involving culture, isolation, and identification by advanced serological (LAT, cELISA) or gene-based amplification of DNA (PCR, RFLP, and hybridization) and sequencing. Mycoplasmal antigen interactions with host immune system and its role in CCPP pathogenesis are not clearly understood. In later stages, severe lobar fibrinous pleuropneumonia, profuse fluid accumulation in pleural cavity, severe congestion of lungs and adhesion formation is observed. The characteristic clinical signs of CCPP are severe respiratory distress associated with sero-mucoid nasal discharge, coughing, dyspnea, pyrexia, pleurodynia, and general malaise. CCPP affects goats in more than 40 countries of the world thereby posing a serious threat to goat farming around the globe. The disease is characterized by severe serofibrinous pleuropneumonia, very high morbidity (∼100%), and mortality (80–100%). Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP) is a serious disease of goats, occasionally sheep and wild ruminants, caused by Mycoplasma capricolum subspecies capripneumoniae (Mccp).
0 kommentar(er)
